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PhyloCode

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The International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, known as the PhyloCode for short, is a formal set of rules governing <a href="Phylogenetic_nomenclature" title="Phylogenetic nomenclature">phylogenetic nomenclature</a>. Its current version is specifically designed to regulate the naming of <a href="Clade" title="Clade">clades</a>, leaving the governance of <a href="Species" title="Species">species</a> names up to the rank-based <a href="Nomenclature_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomenclature code">nomenclature codes</a> (<a href="International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae%2C_fungi%2C_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">ICN</a>, <a href="International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICNCP</a>, <a href="International_Code_of_Nomenclature_of_Prokaryotes" title="International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes">ICNP</a>, <a href="International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">ICZN</a>, <a href="The_International_Code_of_Virus_Classification_and_Nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="The International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature">ICVCN</a>).

The PhyloCode is associated with the <a href="International_Society_for_Phylogenetic_Nomenclature" title="International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature">International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature</a> (ISPN).<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The companion volume, Phylonyms, establishes 300 taxon names under PhyloCode, serving as examples for those unfamiliar with the code.<a href="#cite_note-LB09-2">[2]</a> RegNum is an associated online database for registered clade names.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>

The PhyloCode regulates phylogenetic nomenclature by providing rules for deciding which associations of names and definitions are considered established,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> which of those will be considered homonyms<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> or synonyms,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and which one of a set of synonyms or homonyms will be considered accepted (generally the one registered first; see below). The PhyloCode only governs the naming of <a href="Clade" title="Clade">clades</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> not of <a href="Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> or <a href="Polyphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphyletic">polyphyletic</a> groups, and only allows the use of <a href="Biological_specimen" title="Biological specimen">specimens</a>, <a href="Species" title="Species">species</a>, and <a href="Apomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Apomorphy">apomorphies</a> as specifiers (anchors).<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phylogenetic_nomenclature">Phylogenetic nomenclature</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Phylogenetic_nomenclature" title="Phylogenetic nomenclature">Phylogenetic nomenclature</a></div>

Unlike rank-based <a href="Nomenclature_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomenclature code">nomenclatural codes</a> (ICN, ICZN, ICNB), the PhyloCode does not require the use of <a href="Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">ranks</a>, although it does optionally allow their use.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The rank-based codes define <a href="Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a> using a rank (such as <a href="Genus" title="Genus">genus</a>, <a href="Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>, etc.) and, in many cases, a <a href="Biological_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological type">type specimen or type subtaxon</a>. The exact content of a taxon, other than the type, is not specified by the rank-based codes.

In contrast, under phylogenetic nomenclature, the content of taxa are delimited using a definition that is based on <a href="Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> (i.e., ancestry and descent) and uses specifiers (e.g., species, specimens, apomorphies) to indicate actual <a href="Organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisms">organisms</a>. The formula of the definition indicates an ancestor. The defined taxon, then, is that ancestor and all of its descendants. Thus, the content of a phylogenetically defined taxon relies on a phylogenetic hypothesis.

The following are examples of types of phylogenetic definition (capital letters indicate specifiers):<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

<ul><li>Node-based: "the clade originating with the <a href="Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">most recent common ancestor</a> of A and B" or "the least inclusive clade containing A and B"</li>

<li>Branch-based: "the clade consisting of A and all organisms or species that share a more recent common ancestor with A than with Z" or "the most inclusive clade containing A but not Z." Another term for definitions of this sort is stem-based.</li>

<li>Apomorphy-based: "the clade originating with the first organism or species to possess apomorphy M inherited by A".</li></ul>

Other types of definition are possible as well, taking into account not only organisms' phylogenetic relations and apomorphies but also whether or not related organisms are <a href="Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a>.

The following table gives examples of phylogenetic definitions of clades that also have ranks in traditional nomenclature. When all the specifiers in a node-based definition are extant specimens or species, as in the following definition of Mammalia, a <a href="Crown_group" title="Crown group">crown group</a> is defined. (The traditional definition of Mammalia is less restrictive, including some fossil groups outside of the crown group.)<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

<th>Name

</th>

<th>Rank

</th>

<th>Type

</th>

<th>Possible phylogenetic definition

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Tyrannosauridae" title="Tyrannosauridae">Tyrannosauridae</a>

</td>

<td>Family

</td>

<td><a href="Tyrannosaurus" title="Tyrannosaurus">Tyrannosaurus</a> Osborn 1905

</td>

<td>Least inclusive clade containing <a href="Tyrannosaurus_rex" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannosaurus rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</a> Osborn 1905, <a href="Gorgosaurus_libratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgosaurus libratus">Gorgosaurus libratus</a> Lambe 1914, and <a href="Albertosaurus_sarcophagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Albertosaurus sarcophagus">Albertosaurus sarcophagus</a> Osborn 1905

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Mammalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalia">Mammalia</a>

</td>

<td>Class

</td>

<td>N/A

</td>

<td>Clade originating with the most recent common ancestor of humans, <a href="Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a> Linnaeus 1758, and platypuses, <a href="Platypus" title="Platypus">Ornithorhynchus anatinus</a> Shaw 1799

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Rodent" title="Rodent">Rodentia</a>

</td>

<td>Order

</td>

<td>N/A

</td>

<td>Most inclusive clade containing the house mouse, <a href="House_mouse" title="House mouse">Mus musculus</a> Linnaeus 1758, but not the eastern cottontail, <a href="Eastern_cottontail" title="Eastern cottontail">Sylvilagus floridanus</a> Allen 1890

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Neornithes" class="mw-redirect" title="Neornithes">Neornithes</a> (Modern birds)

</td>

<td>Subclass

</td>

<td>N/A

</td>

<td>Clade originating with the most recent common ancestor of the extant members of the most inclusive clade containing the house sparrow <a href="House_sparrow" title="House sparrow">Passer domesticus</a> Linnaeus 1758 but not the dinosaur <a href="Stegosaurus" title="Stegosaurus">Stegosaurus armatus</a> Marsh 1887

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Tetrapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a>

</td>

<td>Superclass

</td>

<td>N/A

</td>

<td>Clade originating with the earliest ancestor from which <a href="Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a> Linnaeus 1758 inherited limbs with fingers or toes

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versions">Versions</h2></div>

PhyloCode has gone through several revisions. As of November 2023, the current version is 6, released on the website on June 8, 2020.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2></div>

As with other nomenclatural codes, the rules of the PhyloCode are organized as articles, which in turn are organized as chapters. Each article may also contain notes, examples, and recommendations.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_of_contents">Table of contents</h3></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/preface">Preface</a> (including <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/citations.html">Literature Cited</a>)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/preamble">Preamble</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/divisions/1">Division I. Principles</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/chapters/1">Division II. Rules</a>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/articles/1">Chapter I. Taxa</a> (Arts. 1–3)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/articles/4">Chapter II. Publication</a> (Arts. 4–5)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/articles/6">Chapter III. Names</a> (Arts. 6–8)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/articles/9">Chapter IV. Clade Names</a> (Arts. 9–11)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/articles/12">Chapter V. Selection of Established Names</a> (Arts. 12–15)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/articles/16">Chapter VI. Provisions for Hybrids</a> (Art. 16)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/articles/17">Chapter VII. Orthography</a> (Arts. 17–18)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/articles/19">Chapter VIII. Authorship of Names</a> (Art. 19)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/articles/20">Chapter IX. Citation of Authors and Registration Numbers</a> (Art. 20)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/articles/21">Chapter X. Species Names</a> (Art. 21)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/articles/22">Chapter XI. Governance</a> (Art. 22)</li></ul></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/glossary">Glossary</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/appendices/a">Appendices</a>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/appendices/a">Appendix A. Registration Procedures and Data Requirements</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/appendices/b">Appendix B. Code of Ethics</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Registration_database">Registration database</h2></div>

Once implemented, the PhyloCode will be associated with a registration <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a>, called RegNum, which will store all clade names and definitions that will be considered acceptable.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> It is hoped that this will provide a publicly usable tool for associating clade names with definitions, which could then be associated with sets of <a href="Taxon" title="Taxon">subtaxa</a> or specimens through <a href="Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogenetic</a> tree databases (such as <a href="TreeBASE" title="TreeBASE">TreeBASE</a>).

As currently planned, however, the most important use of RegNum will be the decision of which one of a number of synonyms or homonyms will be considered accepted: the one with the lowest registration number, except in cases of conservation.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

(Condensed from the PhyloCode's Preface.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>)

The PhyloCode grew out of a workshop at <a href="Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in August 1998, where decisions were made about its scope and content. Many of the workshop participants, together with several other people who subsequently joined the project, served as an advisory group. In April 2000, a draft was made public on the <a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">web</a> and comments were solicited from the scientific community.

A second workshop was held at <a href="Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> in July 2002, at which some modifications were made in the rules and recommendations of the PhyloCode. Other revisions have been made from time to time as well.

The First International Phylogenetic Nomenclature Meeting, which took place from July 6, 2004, to July 9, 2004, in <a href="Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="France" title="France">France</a>, was attended by about 70 <a href="Systematics" title="Systematics">systematic</a> and <a href="Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> <a href="Biologist" title="Biologist">biologists</a> from 11 nations.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> This was the first open, multi-day conference that focused entirely on <a href="Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogenetic</a> nomenclature, and it provided the venue for the inauguration of a new association, the <a href="International_Society_for_Phylogenetic_Nomenclature" title="International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature">International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature</a> (ISPN). The ISPN membership elects the Committee on Phylogenetic Nomenclature (CPN), which has taken over the role of the advisory group that oversaw the earlier stages of development of the PhyloCode.

The Second International Phylogenetic Nomenclature Meeting took place from June 28, 2006, to July 2, 2006, at <a href="Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="New_Haven" class="mw-redirect" title="New Haven">New Haven</a>, <a href="Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, U.S.).<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

The Third International Phylogenetic Nomenclature Meeting took place from July 21, 2008, to July 22, 2008, at <a href="Dalhousie_University" title="Dalhousie University">Dalhousie University</a> (<a href="Halifax_Regional_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Regional Municipality">Halifax</a>, <a href="Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, Canada).<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

The PhyloCode went into effect with the publication of the companion volume, Phylonyms, in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences">Influences</h3></div>

The theoretical foundation of the PhyloCode was developed in a series of papers by <a href="Kevin_de_Queiroz" title="Kevin de Queiroz">de Queiroz</a> and <a href="Jacques_Gauthier" title="Jacques Gauthier">Gauthier</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> which was foreshadowed by earlier suggestions that a taxon name could be defined by reference to a part of a <a href="Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

Whenever possible, the writers of the PhyloCode used the draft <a href="BioCode" class="mw-redirect" title="BioCode">BioCode</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> which attempted to unify the rank-based approach into a single code, as a model. Thus, the organization of the PhyloCode, some of its terminology, and the wording of certain rules are derived from the BioCode. Other rules are derived from one or more of the rank-based codes, particularly the botanical<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> and zoological<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> codes. However, many rules in the PhyloCode have no counterpart in any code based on taxonomic ranks because of fundamental differences in the definitional foundations of the alternative systems. Note that the PhyloCode does not govern the names of species, whose rules of availability, typification, etc., remain regulated by the requisite traditional Code of Nomenclature.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future">Future</h2></div>

The PhyloCode is controversial and has inspired considerable criticism from some taxonomists.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> While inaugurated decades ago, the number of supporters for widespread adoption of the PhyloCode is still small, and the publication of PhyloCode literature stagnated in the mid-2010s,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> before accelerating after publication of Phylonyms in 2020 and of the launch of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mapress.com/bpn">Bulletin of Phylogenetic Nomenclature</a>, which is a journal dedicated to the publication of nomenclatural acts (especially definition of taxon names) valid under the PhyloCode.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-L23CRC-33">[33]</a> To be valid under the PhyloCode, taxon names and associated definitions should be registered in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phyloregnum.org/">RegNum</a> database.

A list of published critiques of the PhyloCode can be found on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/literature/#critiques">ISPN's website</a>, as can a list of rebuttals.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/">"International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature (website)"</a>. Phylonames.org. Retrieved 2010-07-07.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-LB09-2"><a href="#cite_ref-LB09_2-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLaurinBryant2009" class="citation journal cs1">Laurin, M.; Bryant, H. N. (2009). "Third Meeting of the International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature: a Report". Zoologica Scripta. 38 (3): 333–337. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1463-6409.2008.00379.x">10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00379.x</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221171579">221171579</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/regnum/">"RegNum"</a>. Florida Museum. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/articles/4">"International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Chapter II. Publication"</a>. Ohiou.edu. Retrieved 2010-07-07.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/art13.html">"International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Article 13: Homonymy"</a>. ohiou.edu. Retrieved 2010-07-07.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/articles/14">"International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature Version 4b, Article 14: Synonymy"</a>. Ohiou.edu. Retrieved 2010-07-07.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/articles/1">"International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Rule 1.1"</a>. Ohiou.edu. Retrieved 2010-07-07.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/articles/11">"International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Article 11. Specifiers and Qualifying Clauses"</a>. Ohiou.edu. Retrieved 2010-07-07.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/articles/3">"International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Article 3. Hierarchy and Rank"</a>. Ohiou.edu. Retrieved 2010-07-07.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Although note that the PhyloCode does not permit a taxon's name to change when its rank changes, while the rank-based codes require this for at least some names.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code/articles/9">"International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Article 9. General Requirements for Establishment of Clade Names"</a>. Ohiou.edu. Retrieved 2010-07-07.</cite>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2></div>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFde_QueirozJ._Gauthier1990" class="citation journal cs1">de Queiroz, K.; J. Gauthier (1990). "Phylogeny as a central principle in taxonomy: Phylogenetic definitions of taxon names". Syst. Zool. 39 (4). Society of Systematic Biologists: 307–322. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2992353">10.2307/2992353</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2992353">2992353</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFde_QueirozJ._Gauthier.1992" class="citation journal cs1">de Queiroz, K.; J. Gauthier. (1992). "Phylogenetic taxonomy". Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 23: 449–480. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992AnRES..23..449D">1992AnRES..23..449D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.es.23.110192.002313">10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.002313</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4162">0066-4162</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFde_QueirozJ._Gauthier1994" class="citation journal cs1">de Queiroz, K.; J. Gauthier (1994). "Toward a phylogenetic system of biological nomenclature". Trends Ecol. Evol. 9 (1): 27–31. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994TEcoE...9...27D">1994TEcoE...9...27D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0169-5347%2894%2990231-3">10.1016/0169-5347(94)90231-3</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21236760">21236760</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDominguezQ._D._Wheeler1997" class="citation journal cs1">Dominguez, E.; Q. D. Wheeler (1997). "Taxonomic stability is ignorance". Cladistics. 13 (4): 367–372. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fclad.1997.0050">10.1006/clad.1997.0050</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0748-3007">0748-3007</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDonoghueJ._A._Gauthier2004" class="citation journal cs1">Donoghue, M. J.; J. A. Gauthier (2004). "Implementing the PhyloCode". Trends Ecol. Evol. 19 (6): 281–282. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004TEcoE..19..281D">2004TEcoE..19..281D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tree.2004.04.004">10.1016/j.tree.2004.04.004</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16701272">16701272</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGauthierK._de_Queiroz2001" class="citation book cs1">Gauthier, J.; K. de Queiroz (2001). "Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name "Aves"". In J. A. Gauthier; L. F. Gall (eds.). New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds: proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A.: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. pp. 7–41 pp.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLaurin2005" class="citation journal cs1">Laurin, M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808045610/http://sfs.snv.jussieu.fr/pdf/bulletin/bulletin_34.pdf">"Dites oui au PhyloCode!"</a> (PDF). Bull. Soc. Fr. Syst. 34: 25–31. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1240-3253">1240-3253</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sfs.snv.jussieu.fr/pdf/bulletin/bulletin_34.pdf">the original</a> (PDF fulltext) on 2007-08-08.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLaurinPhilip_D._Cantino2004" class="citation journal cs1">Laurin, M.; Philip D. Cantino (2004). "First International Phylogenetic Nomenclature Meeting: a report". Zool. Scr. 33 (5): 475–479. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0300-3256.2004.00176.x">10.1111/j.0300-3256.2004.00176.x</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86552807">86552807</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLaurinK._de_QueirozPhilip_D._Cantino2006" class="citation journal cs1">Laurin, M.; K. de Queiroz; Philip D. Cantino (2006). "Sense and stability of taxon names". Zool. Scr. 35 (1): 113–114. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1463-6409.2006.00219.x">10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00219.x</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86040732">86040732</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNordalB._Stedje2005" class="citation journal cs1">Nordal, I.; B. Stedje (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060228095440/http://www.anbg.gov.au/asbs/newsletter/newsletter-pdf/04-sept-120.pdf">"Letters to the Editor: Paraphyletic taxa should be accepted"</a> (PDF). Taxon. 54 (1): 5–6. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25065296">10.2307/25065296</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-0262">0040-0262</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25065296">25065296</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anbg.gov.au/asbs/newsletter/newsletter-pdf/04-sept-120.pdf">the original</a> (PDF fulltext) on 2006-02-28.</cite> including proposal, but without the 150 supporting signatories</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRieppel2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rieppel, O. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-0031.2006.00097.x">"The PhyloCode: a critical discussion of its theoretical foundation"</a>. Cladistics. 22 (2): 186–197. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-0031.2006.00097.x">10.1111/j.1096-0031.2006.00097.x</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892874">34892874</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59463810">59463810</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSereno1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Paul_Sereno" title="Paul Sereno">Sereno, P. C.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F106351599260328">"Definitions in phylogenetic taxonomy: critique and rationale"</a>. Syst. Biol. 48 (2): 329–351. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F106351599260328">10.1080/106351599260328</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12066711">12066711</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSereno2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Paul_Sereno" title="Paul Sereno">Sereno, P. C.</a> (2005). "The logical basis of phylogenetic taxonomy". Syst. Biol. 54 (4): 595–619. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.541.7233">10.1.1.541.7233</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F106351591007453">10.1080/106351591007453</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16109704">16109704</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15050748">15050748</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/code">The PhyloCode (current draft)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phylonames.org/">International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060828050640/http://www.phylonames.org/forum/">International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature Discussion Forum</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727174513/http://phylonames.org/literature.php">Literature on Phylogenetic Nomenclature</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phyloregnum.org/">RegNum</a>, the official repository of phylogenetic clade names generated according to the rules of the PhyloCode</li>

<li>Christine Soares, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=000D7477-4199-1179-819983414B7FFE9F">What's in a Name?</a>, Scientific American, (November 2004).</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625214511/http://www.systass.org/archive/events-archive/2001/phylocode-debate.shtml">PhyloCode debate</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/2005/apr/pushing-phylocode">What if we decide to rename every living thing on Earth?</a>, Discovery Magazine, (04.28.2005)</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Phylogenetics358" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relevant fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computational_phylogenetics" title="Computational phylogenetics">Computational phylogenetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">Molecular phylogenetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Evolutionary taxonomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Phylogenesis" title="Phylogenesis">Phylogenesis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cladogenesis" title="Cladogenesis">Cladogenesis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Phylogenetic tree</a></li>

<li><a href="Cladogram" title="Cladogram">Cladogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Phylogenetic_network" title="Phylogenetic network">Phylogenetic network</a></li>

<li><a href="Long_branch_attraction" title="Long branch attraction">Long branch attraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Clade" title="Clade">Clade</a> vs <a href="Evolutionary_grade" title="Evolutionary grade">Grade</a></li>

<li><a href="Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">Lineage</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ghost_lineage" title="Ghost lineage">Ghost lineage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ghost_population" title="Ghost population">Ghost population</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inference methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Maximum_parsimony_(phylogenetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum parsimony (phylogenetics)">Maximum parsimony</a></li>

<li><a href="Phylogenetic_reconciliation" title="Phylogenetic reconciliation">Phylogenetic reconciliation</a></li>

<li>Probabilistic methods

<ul><li><a href="Maximum_likelihood" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum likelihood">Maximum likelihood</a></li>

<li><a href="Bayesian_inference_in_phylogeny" title="Bayesian inference in phylogeny">Bayesian inference</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Distance_matrices_in_phylogeny" title="Distance matrices in phylogeny">Distance-matrix methods</a>

<ul><li><a href="Neighbor-joining" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighbor-joining">Neighbor-joining</a></li>

<li><a href="UPGMA" title="UPGMA">UPGMA</a></li>

<li><a href="Least_squares_inference_in_phylogeny" title="Least squares inference in phylogeny">Least squares</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Three-taxon_analysis" title="Three-taxon analysis">Three-taxon analysis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="DNA_barcoding" title="DNA barcoding">DNA barcoding</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">Molecular phylogenetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Phylogenetic_comparative_methods" title="Phylogenetic comparative methods">Phylogenetic comparative methods</a></li>

<li><a href="Phylogenetic_niche_conservatism" title="Phylogenetic niche conservatism">Phylogenetic niche conservatism</a></li>

<li><a href="Phylogenetic_signal" title="Phylogenetic signal">Phylogenetic signal</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_phylogenetics_software" title="List of phylogenetics software">Phylogenetics software</a></li>

<li><a href="Phylogenomics" title="Phylogenomics">Phylogenomics</a></li>

<li><a href="Phylogeography" title="Phylogeography">Phylogeography</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Group traits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Primitive_(phylogenetics)" title="Primitive (phylogenetics)">Primitive</a>

<ul><li><a href="Plesiomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Plesiomorphy">Plesiomorphy</a></li>

<li><a href="Symplesiomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Symplesiomorphy">Symplesiomorphy</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Derived

<ul><li><a href="Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">Apomorphy</a></li>

<li><a href="Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">Synapomorphy</a></li>

<li><a href="Autapomorphy" title="Autapomorphy">Autapomorphy</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Group types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Monophyly" title="Monophyly">Monophyly</a></li>

<li><a href="Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">Paraphyly</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyphyly" title="Polyphyly">Polyphyly</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nomenclature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Phylogenetic_nomenclature" title="Phylogenetic nomenclature">Phylogenetic nomenclature</a></li>

<li><a href="Crown_group" title="Crown group">Crown group</a></li>

<li><a href="Sister_group" title="Sister group">Sister group</a></li>

<li><a href="Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">Basal</a></li>

<li><a href="Supertree" title="Supertree">Supertree</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phylogenetics" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Phylogenetics">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-22" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=PhyloCode&oldid=1301901315">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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